Statement to Executive Council
Diocesan Press Service. February 22, 1973 [73056]
FROM: NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON INDIAN WORK
RECOMMENDATION
Resolved, That the following Statement to Executive Council, passed unanimously by the members of the National Committee on Indian Work at its meeting in Los Angeles January 13, 1973, be approved and adopted.
STATEMENT TO EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
The National Committee on Indian Work, as elected representatives of a particular clientele of Indian peoples, as well as the broader Indian community, state that by funding of the Northwest Caravan of the Trail of Broken Treaties, it has given both financial and moral support to the original intent of the Trail of Broken Treaties that of serious negotiations with the Nixon administration.
Our enemy is not the administration or any group, but poverty and deprivation among our peoples. We will align our support to representative Indian groups whose goals are that of assisting the Indian to retain a proud, rich heritage and environment to meet his full potential in the larger society.
In particular and as a result of the requested study of the Trail of Broken Treaties and its broader implications, and direct contact with all informed segments of the Indian community, the National Committee on Indian Work recommends that the Executive Council of the Episcopal Church make a commitment of human responses and financial commitment of $15, 000, using the NCIW as conduit through which the broader Indian/Eskimo community can effectively meet the challenge of this year's commitment of reform, to bring about the broadest Indian/ Eskimo involvement in decision-making that will directly affect their lives-- decisions being made in 1973 based on issues and involvement resulting from the Trail of Broken Treaties.
The specific request should not curtail the Church's continued support of the Indian/Eskimo community and demand the administration's commitments for change espoused in the summer of 1970. It is requested that Executive Council commend to the Church full support of self-determination for the Native American peoples.
Received by Executive Council DATE: January 18, 1973 2/22/73
FROM: Staff Liaison with Program Group on Empowerment, Public Issues and Action, Young Generation with the Executive for the N.C.I.W.
SUBJECT: Report to Executive Council on the Trail of Broken Treaties
PREFATORY REMARKS
Indian and Eskimo peoples are at a critical juncture in their existence in the United States, as they are throughout the Western Hemisphere. The Trail of Broken Treaties and the Pan-American Quest for Justice are just small facets of the context in which Native American peoples find themselves.
The National Committee on Indian Work of the Episcopal Church was joined by the General Convention Special Program in financially supporting the Trail of Broken Treaties. This coalition sought to demonstrate the concern of Indian people about their rights and responsibilities which are based upon an elaborate legal system and treaties commonly agreed upon by the United States of America and the various Indian nations. The financial support was given upon recommendation of various parties; in particular, the Rev. Innocent Goochpuse's evaluation after participation in the October 1-2, 1972 organizational meeting in Denver, Colorado; and the advocacy of the Rt. Rev. Ivol I. Curtis, Bishop of Olympia, after his meetings with members of the Northwest Caravan of the Trail of Broken Treaties. The role of the General Convention Youth Program is less clear, but is limited to services and promises of support.
The Trail of Broken Treaties failed in its stated objectives, lost in the take-over and destruction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Building, but accomplished its fundamental aim: to force consideration upon the federal government of significant change in the administration of Indian affairs for the foreseeable future.
REPORT TO EXECUTIVE COUNCIL ON THE TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES
"Many prophecies from the Medicine People of our past -- made many years before colonists came to this continent --told of a time when all the Indian Nations would come together to seek strength from the Great Spirit in a common new awakening."
In the spring of 1972, Vine Deloria, Jr. wrote of the Indian population: "We are surely at a crossroads today. The heart of America is hard as granite. We have fooled ourselves if we are thinking that the events of recent years have educated the American public as to Indian problems. We have simply overwhelmed the media with trivia and it has fled into the past toward uncomplicated Indians and taken us with it. If we are to return to modern America, we had better get it together and start acting as if we really were real. Deloria simply stated what the Indian community knew was happening. The interest of the American people was with either a romantic vision of the "noble savage" or so-called "red power" militants aping the blacks of the 1960's. As Vernon Bellecourt noted, the last real militant Indians were Crazy Horse, Geronimo--those who defended their nations against the military onslaught of the nineteenth century.
The original concept of the Trail of Broken Treaties came out of this expectant and frustrating context. It first took shape August 17, 1972 at Crow Dog's Paradise at the annual late summer festival of the Rosebud Sioux. 4 There a number of people, including members of the American Indian Movement or AIM, advocated an Indian convergence upon Washington, D. C. to meet with Democratic and Republican party leaders immediately prior to the Presidential elections of 1972. The gathering would inform the national political leadership in a dramatic way of the multitude of problems confronting Indian people and gain pledges of action to bring about a realistic reform of United States Indian policy. This course, how- ever, would require the participation of large numbers of Indian people, considerable sums of money, and more extensive planning than was possible at this original meeting. 5 So, the Indians proposed a second session in Denier, Colorado in the latter part of September, 1972.
On September 7, 1972, the National Convention of the American Lutheran Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota endorsed the concept of the caravan at the request of American Indian Movement leader Clyde Bellecourt. 6 On September 30, 1972, the National Indian Lutheran Board was approached by the American Indian
Movement National Co-Director, Vernon Bellecourt, and Dennis Banks, National Field Coordinator for AIM, with a proposal for $100, 000 to meet the expenses of the projected movement to Washington. After some discussion, the National Indian Lutheran Board, through its President, Syd Beane, and the National Director, Eugene Crawford, explained that this sum of money was beyond the capacity of this organization to generate and that much more planning had to go into the development of this idea. An appeal then went to the major Indian organizations in the country, to join with those in Denver and meet October 1 and 2, 1972, to develop the purpose and structure of the gathering of native peoples. 8
At that meeting, representatives of the National Indian Brotherhood, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Native American Rights Fund, Boulder, Colorado; National American Indian Council, San Francisco, California; National Indian Youth Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico; National Committee on Indian Work, New York, New York; National Indian Leadership Training, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and the American Indian Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Denver, Colorado joined members of the American Indian Movement, the organization that remained the prime moving force. 9 The Native American Women's Action Council, San Fran- cisco, California; United Native Americans, Berkeley, California; National Indian Lutheran Board, Chicago, Illinois; and the Coalition of Indian-Controlled School Boards, Denver, Colorado, added their endorsements of the plans for the proposed meeting in Washington, that became the Trail of Broken Treaties and Pan-American Native Quest for Justice. 10
Originally, Robert Burnette, past tribal chairman of the Rosebud Sioux and executive director of the National Congress of American Indians, and currently director of American Indians and Friends; and Reuben Snake, AIM officer and director of National Indian Leadership Training were elected co-chairmen. Burnette emphasized the international character of the movement, when he spoke: "The single unknown factor in our effort is the response of our own government. We are asking a halt to violence against Indians in South America, and we are making an offer of Indian assistance to all native people. We are looking toward a hemispheric alliance of all native peoples. But we are secure only in our own security--that of trust responsibilities of our respective governments. Our own physical security is another matter. 11
It was emphasized that all people who would "cause civil disorder, block traffic, burn flags, destroy property or shout obscenities in the street" would be excluded from the caravan. The movement was conceived as a spiritual under- taking.12 "Each trail will be led by spiritual leaders who will carry the Sacred Peace Pipe and Drum. Every drum will beat day and night reminding Americans of the treaties and every peace pipe will be smoked to remind America... in the manner under which the treaties were signed. This final effort will fulfill a prophecy destined to end the 'Trail of Broken Treaties.'"
The original seven point program also came out of the Denver meeting. First, the United States government should take positive action in fulfilling its treaty obligations to the native peoples of this continent. The government should carry out its trust responsibilities in terms of human land, water and mineral rights. Third, Indian affairs should be removed from the Department of the Interior and placed under the executive. Fourth, no Indian community or nation should be terminated without referendum. Fifth, there should be proper funding for Indian appropriations. Sixth, education to the highest level should be offered to every Indian student who wishes it. Lastly, both presidential candidates should meet with members of the Pan-American Quest for Justice to discuss the objectives of the group.
Three principal caravans began to cross the United States by October 6, 1972, beginning from Seattle, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Other caravans started from various points in Canada. Another began from Oklahoma: retracing the "Trail of Tears, " by which the southeastern tribes were marched forcefully from their original homelands.15 In the northwest, spokesmen for the Survival of American Indian Association sought and received the support of the religious leaders of the region. Hank Adams, National Director of the organization, emphasized that, "... the D. C. or bust' caravan would not become an encampment in the nation's capital nor a confrontation such as marked the civil rights movement in the recent past. Instead, the Indian strategy will be to get hearings before Congress and federal agencies. We want to focus on the issues and not on teepees near the Capitol dome.
The main caravans converged on St. Paul, Minnesota by late October, where discussion workshops took up an examination of the issues. 17 Throughout the trek east, the ideas put forth at Denver began to receive material support by Indian people and religious institutions. 18 These issues were defined into what became the "Twenty Points" of the Trail of Broken Treaties. These became the central issues around which most support could be found for the emerging coalition of Indian people.
1. Restoration of Constitutional Treaty-Making Authority- Repeal the provision in the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act to enable the President to resume the exercise of his full constitutional authority in the matter of Indian affairs.
2. Establishment of Treaty Commission to Make New Treaties: The President and Congress would establish this body to contract a security and assistance treaty with Indian tribes and negotiate a national commitment to Indians for the future.
3. Address to the American People and Joint Session of Congress: Selection of four Indians--selected by Indians--to appear with the President and Congressmen to address a joint session of Congress regarding the future of Indians in America.
4. Commission to Review Treaty Commitments and Violations: The President should create an Indian and non-Indian commission to review domestic treaty commitments and violation complaints and recommend corrective action.
5. Resubmission of Unratified Treaties to the Senate: The President should resubmit to the U. S. Senate treaties negotiated with Indian nations or their representatives but never before ratified nor rendered moot.
6. All Indians Governed by Treaty Relations: The Congress should enact a joint resolution to this effect.
7. Mandatory Relief against Treaty Rights Violations: The Congress should add a new section to Title 28 of the United States Code to provide for the judicial enforcement and protection of Indian treaty rights.
8. Judicial Recognition of Indian Right to Interpret Treaties: The Congress should provide a new system of federal court jurisdiction and procedure when Indian treaty or governmental rights are at issue.
9. Creation of Joint Congressional Committee on Reconstructing Indian Relations: The Congress should agree to withdraw jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian-related program authorizations from all existing committees except appropriations and create a joint committee.
10. Land Reform and Restoration of 110-Million Acre Land Base: Congress and the Administration should implement by statutes or administrative actions a non-diminishing Native American land based to be owned and controlled by Native Americans. Included are: priorities in restoration of Indian land base; consolidation of Indian land, water, natural and economic resources; termination of leases and condemnation of non-Indian land title; and repeal of Menominee, Klamath and other termination acts.
11. Revision of 25 USC 163: Restoration of rights to Indians terminated by enrollment and revocation of prohibitions against 'dual benefits'-- Congress should enact new measures in support of the doctrine that an Indian Nation has complete power to govern and control its own membership.
12. Repeal of State Laws enacted under Public Law 280: Congress should nullify state statutes which pose a serious threat to Indian sovereignty and local self-government.
13. Resume Federal Protective Jurisdiction for Offenses against Indians: Congress should support and seek passage of new provisions to extend protective jurisdiction of the United States over Indian persons, including: establishment of a national federal Indian grand jury; jurisdiction over non-Indians within Indian reservations; and accelerated rehabilitation and release program for state and federal Indian prisoners.
14. Abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs by 1976: A new Indian Reconstruction Act would create a new structure and remove present BIA, providing an alternative structure of government for federal-Indian relations.
15. Office of Federal Indian Relations and Community Reconstruction: This new agency would replace the present BIA.
16. Priorities and Purpose of the Proposed New Office: The central purpose of the new office would be to remedy the breakdown in constitutionally prescribed relations between the United States and Indian Nations.
17. Indian Commerce and Tax Immunities: Congress would enact a statute certifying that trade, commerce and transportation of Indians remain outside the authority and control of the several states.
18. Protection of Indian Religious Freedom and Cultural Integrity: Congress should insist on religious freedom and cultural integrity to be protected by penalty of law.
19. National Referendums, Local Options and Forms of Indian Organization: Complete consolidation of Indian resources and restoration of purpose as the Indian population is small enough to be amenable to voting and elective processes of national referendums, local option referendums and other elections for rendering decisions on many issues and matters.
20. Health, Housing, Employment, Economic Development and Education: The Congress, the Administration and the proposed Indian Community Reconstruction Office must allow for the most creative--if demanding and disciplined -- forms of community development and purposeful initiatives.
These points were shared with the supporters of the caravans, the informed public, and through Robert Robertson, Director of the National Council on Indian Opportunity, the elected representatives of the United States and selected federal and state officials.
In October, as the Caravans moved eastward, attempts were made to define positions so that when contact was made there would be some means of communication. Dennis J. Banks, AIM national field coordinator, on October 4, wrote President Nixon, requesting the President meet with the Trail of Broken Treaties in Washington, D. C. 21 On October 12, Leonard Garment, the President's minority affairs consultant, responded, noting that the President's major proposals on Indian affairs are still awaiting Congressional action after a year and a half. Although the President could not meet with the Indian representatives, an administration representative would be available for such a meeting. During the same period, Hank Adams wrote an open letter to Senator George A. McGovern challenging him to take a responsible position on Indian policy. 23
On October 11, 1972, Harrison Loesch, Assistant Secretary--Public Land Management and immediate bureaucratic superior to Louis Bruce, issued a memo to Bruce. the Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, noting that the caravan to Washington, D. C. was in progress and that: "This is to give you very specific instructions that the Bureau is not to provide any assistance or funding, either directly or indirectly. "24 On October 12, Bruce issued a telegram to all area directors of the Bureau not to provide any assistance to the Trail of Broken Treaties. Somewhat better understanding began to emerge as a result of meetings between Robert Burnette, Co-Chairman of the Trail of Broken Treaties and government officials. But confusion would continue to pervade the arrangements made for the members of the Trail caravans and discordant factions within the government. 26
On November 1, 1972, the main body of the caravan members arrived in Washington, D. C., and began to assemble in St. Stephen Incarnation Church. The next day was one of increased confusion, because of improper planning and dis- agreement as to where the majority of members should stay. Initial plans for the caravan were cancelled on November 2, and Indian people began to gather at the Bureau of Indian Affairs auditorium. Trail of Broken Treaties leaders and Department of Interior negotiators agreed that the Indian people might spend the night in the Bureau building. 27
By November 3, about five hundred of the Trail caravan members had set up barricades and begun the occupation. Those within the building were informed that the Caravan had been denied a permit to hold religious ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetery, which was to have been the initial action of the Trail of Broken Treaties. Honoring the Indian war dead became a focal point. Caravan attorneys immediately appealed the restraining order to over-turn the decision that upheld the United States Army's denial of Indian 28 religious ceremonies at Arlington on the grounds that it was partisan in nature.
An additional restraining order prohibited members of the Trail of Broken Treaties from further occupation of the BIA building. Negotiations continued between the Department of Interior officials and the Caravan leaders over housing and the Twenty-point program. 29 During the day the Indian people in the BIA building agreed to support nine additional demands:30
1. We demand that we get the Executive and Legislative action on our twenty (20) point solution papers.
2. We demand that John Crow be relieved of his duty as Deputy Commissioner.
3. We demand that Harrison Loesch be relieved of his duty as Assistant Secretary.
4. We demand that Louis Bruce be given back his authority as Commissioner until such executive and legislative actions are implemented on our twenty point solutions papers.
5. We demand proper housing and facilities during our stay in D.C.
6. We demand that commitments made to Indian people over the Johnson-AMALIA Issue in Oklahoma be honored and be written to the people.
7. We demand that urban and landless Indians be given proper services entitled to them (the) same as treaty Indians (medical, etc.).
8. We demand that all bones and artifacts of our ancestors be restored to our people for reburial.
9. We demand that Bob Robertson be relieved of his duty as Director of National Council on Indian Opportunity and be replaced by an Indian.
The discussions continued with the Interior Department officials through November 4 and into November 5, with no positive results. On the fourth, Interior Secretary Rogers Morton ordered Indian Commissioner Louis Bruce to stay out of the BIA building. Bruce was no longer a part of the conversations that took place between the Indian people and the Interior officials. 31 During these events, Bruce wrote Charles E. Trimble, Executive Director of the National Congress of American Indians, requesting the NCAI take the initiative in putting an "Impact Survey Team", with a fair cross section of the concerned Indian population together to investigate the events that were taking place. He stated: "As you are well aware, the recent activities during the 'Trail of Broken Treaties' protest march, has resulted in the occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs with severe damage being done to the facilities and records of the BIA. There is no question that this incident, its results and the aftermath will have a significant impact on Indian affairs and Indian people. ,,32 Talks with the Interior officials were broken off during the fifth and the children and elderly were given quarters in a nearby YMCA. LaDonna Harris, President of the Americans for Indian Opportunity, had helped to arrange talks between the office of the President and the Trail of Broken Treaty leaders. The same day, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed a lower court's ruling that prevented the Indian people from holding religious ceremonies in Arlington National Cemetery to honor the Indian war dead there. 34
The central features of the next three days were rumors of violence at the BIA building and the negotiations between White officials, particularly Leonard Garment, Special Assistant to the President; Frank Carlucci, Deputy Director, Office of Management and Budget, and Hank Adams, Negotiator named by the Caravan members. 35 When the White House discussions were first announced, they were denied by officials of the Interior Department, but began to offer a real alternative to actions " . . being engendered by the apprehensv6e moods and intense emotions which had developed within the BIA Building..." Adams and several other representatives of the Trail of Broken Treaties informed the White House representatives that: ....we were more concerned with the objectives embraced by our Twenty-Points Proposals and Nine Demands, and an addressing of negotiations to those objectives, rather than getting tied up by any intractable or unproductive insistence on our own part that all their respective details be dealt with immediately or by process of premature decisions...our own time schedule on various of the proposals had included extended time periods over several years for transition; and we emphasized that the Washington, D. C. presence for the Trail of Broken Treaties was only the Beginning, by predetermined plan, of an education process among Indian communities and Indian people relating to the various proposals, among other, directed toward bringing about concrete, constructive change in government and in our general living conditions and situations. We stressed that the BIA Building had not been part of those original plans, that it had than come to stand in the way of our basic objectives and purposes... 37
Several agreements came out of the following days' talks. The most important being the creation of "... a Special Federal Interagency Task Force to review federal Indian policy and Indian needs.38 This was to be a continuing body over the next six months, following an open access, no exclusion policy to seek as broad a cross-section of Indian community as possible. 39 On the next day, the negotiators agreed that an audit of the educational funds pro- vided under the Johnson-O'Malley Act should be made. By November 7, many of the Indian people who occupied the BIA began to leave. The last of the caravan members departed the BIA building by Wednesday evening, November 8.
As official Interior damage estimates to the BIA building ran to $2. 3 million and a transportation fund assisted the Caravan members to get home, reaction to the destruction and theft of BIA records began to be heard. The Rev. Webster Two Hawk, National Tribal Leaders Association President, deplored the destruction of the BIA records.41 On the same day as Two Hawk's pronouncement, Senator Edward Kennedy wrote to Leonard Garment, stating his feelings: "There has too often in the past been insufficient cooperation between the legislative and executive branches in providing meaningful advances in policies and programs relating to native Americans, and Indians have suffered the consequences. You have my complete support and cooperation in your present efforts in achieving meaningful progress towards the concrete reforms desired by Indian people. ,,42 Charles Trimble, Executive Director of the National Congress of American Indians, also speaking on November 10, speaks to the real difficulty for Indian people in the aftermath of the Trail of Broken Treaties, stating:43 The National Congress of American Indians has never encouraged, condoned, or participated in tactics of disruption or destruction in our quest for justice for Indian people. I speak for a substantial number of NCAI constituency in expressing abhorrence at the wholesale destruction of property and, more importantly, the destruction and loss of the valuable, irreplaceable records relating to reservation economic development, enrollment of tribal members, land protection, water rights protection and other legal matters.
But we have been aware that we tread common paths with the leaders of the organizations which comprised the Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington. It is likely that NCAI, after studying the deep implications of the 20-point position paper and the demands of the Trail of Broken Treaties, would find itself in support of many of the issues which that effort sought to dramatize. And the bond of Indian blood, Indian brotherhood, is strong.
Peter MacDonald, Chairman of the Navajo Nation and chairman of the Impact Survey Team, noted that: "This is not a fight between urban and reservation Indians. I represent the largest tribe in America, about one-third of all reservation Indians and what was expressed is a feeling you have inside. Their (the Trail of Broken Treaties) demands cut across urban and reservation Indians. ,44
Throughout the multiplicity of events that brought the Trail of Broken Treaties and Pan American Quest for Justice to Washington, D. C., the central thread was the cause of Indian unity and a new awakening for native peoples of the western hemisphere. The Trail of Broken Treaties was not a causal agent in bringing about unity of Indian people, for it already existed, but it has given rise to verbal expression and an interchange of ideas as is rarely exampled in the history of the American nations. The solutions will have to incorporate Indian ideals and knowledge. As the Tundra Times editorialized, "Despite the massive effort of assimilation, great many of the Indian people have managed to hold on to their lifeways, traditions and arts. They still have their songs and dances. They still have their reasoning, fair and wise leaders. These are the basic areas the new BIA, or whatever successor it might be, has to take into account and go forward from there. 45
FOOTNOTES
1. "Trail of Broken Treaties Credentials Report" Denver, Colorado, October 2, 1972; for insights into the value of history written by contemporaries read Page Smith, The Historian and History (New York Vintage Books, 1966), pp. 165- 199; and Henry Steele Commager, "Should Historians Write Contemporary History?" Saturday Review, XL (February 12, 1966), pp. 18-20, 47.
2. Vine Deloria, Jr,, "The American Indian and His Commitments, Goals, Programs: A Need to Reconsider, "Indian Historian, (Spring, 1972), p.10
3. Conversation with Vernon Bellecourt, National Co- Director of the American Indian Movement, New York, New York, January 4, 1973.
4 Richard La Course, "The Trail of Broken Treaties -- Planning the Caravans," American Indian Press Association News Service, (typescript) "Trail of Broken Treaties," American Indian Crusade (tabloid) (November, 1972).
5. Ibid.
6. Proposal for Funding, Pan-American Native Quest for Justice/Trail of Broken Treaties, Joint Strategy and Action Committee Files, National Council of Churches, New York, New York.
7. Karl Lutze, "Indian Caravans Travel Toward Washington, D.C ," The Vanguard, XIX, No.8 (November, 1972) p.1; Conversation with Syd Beane, President of the National Indian Lutheran Board, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, November 9, 1972; Conversation with Eugene Crawford, National Director, National Indian Lutheran Board, Washington, D.C., November 20, 1972.
8, Vernon Bellecourt, National Co-Director, American Indian Movement, to Kent FitzGerald, Executive Secretary, National Committee on Indian Work, September 25, 1972 (telegram), National Committee on Indian Work Files, Episcopal Center, New York, New York.
9. "The Trail of Broken Treaties," Legislative Review, I, No.11 (August, 1972), pp.32-33; Telephone Conversation with the Rev. Innocent Goodhouse, National Committee on Indian Work Representative to the Denver Meeting, October 4, 1972.
10. La Course, "Trail of Broken Treaties," "Proposal... Pan-American Quest for Justice/Trail of Broken Treaties."
11. La Course, "Trail of Broken Treaties," p.2.
12. Preamble of the Trail of Broken Treaties.
13. Press Release, Trail of Broken Treaties, (no date).
14. Preamble of the Trail of Broken Treaties, pp.1-3.
15. Seattle Times, October 7, 1972; New York Times, October 5, 1972.
16. Seattle Times, September 28, 1972.
17. Seattle Times, October 25, 1972.
18. Grants of $5,000 each were made by General Convention Special Program and the National Committee on Indian Work; rent Fitzgerald, Executive Secretary of the National Committee on Indian Work, to the Rt. Rev. Ivol Curtis, Epis- copal Bishop of Olympia, New York, New York, October 13, 1972; Leon Modeste, Executive Director, General Convention Special Program to Seattle Ecumenical Metropolitan Ministry, New York, New York, October 17, 1972; copy National Committee on Indian Work files, Episcopal Center; Joint Strategy and Action Committee Indian Ministries Docket, National Council of Churches; Minutes of the Joint Strategy and Action Committee meeting, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, November 7-10, 1972.
19. "Condensation of the Twenty-Point Position Paper Formulated in St. Paul Minnesota, October 22-29, 1972 by the Trail of Broken Treaties," American Indian Press Association, Washington, D.C.; "Workshop Reports: St. Paul, Minnesota, Proposals, Trail of Broken Treaties," October 22-29, 1972, Sherrill Resource Center, Episcopal Center, New York, New York.
20. "Workshop Reports. . . Trail of Broken Treaties."
21. Dennis J. Banks, National Field Director, American Indian Movement, to President Richard M. Nixon, Washington, D.C., October 4, 1972, National Committee on Indian Work File.
22. Leonard Garment to Dennis Banks, National Field Director, American Indian Movement, Washington, D.C., October 12, 1972, copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
23. "An Open Letter to U.S. Senator George McGovern," October 13, 1972, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
24. Harrison Loesch, Assistant Secretary -- Public Land Management, to (Louis Bruce), Commissioner, Bureau of Indian Affairs, October 11, 1972, Washington, D.C., Xerox Copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
25. (Louis Bruce), Commissioner, to All Area Directors, Superintendents, et. al., Washington, D.C., October 12, 1972, telegram, Xerox Copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
26. Robert Robertson, Executive Director of the National Council on Indian Opportunity, Office of the Vice-President, to Russell Means, Trail of Broken Treaties Steering Committee Member and National Coordinator for the American Indian Movement, Washington, D.C., November 1, 1972, Xerox Copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
27. John Tiger, "Chronicle of Events - NVO92," American Indian Press Association News Service.
28. Ibid.; Daniel Satiacum, et al. v. Melvin R. Laird, Secretary of Defense, et al., United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Civil Action No. 2189-72, September Term, 1972, Xerox Copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
29. Ibid., Tiger, "Chronicle".
30. (Untitled copy of the Nine Demands), November 3, 1972, Xerox Copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
31. Ibid.; Telephone Conversation with Robert Burnette, November 6, 1972.
32. Louis R. Bruce, Commissioner, to Charles E. Trimble, Executive Director, National Congress of American Indians, Washington, D.C. (November 7, 1972) Xerox Copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
33. New York Times, November 6, 1972.
34. Ibid.; Satiacum v. Laird.
35. Hank Adams, "Trail of Broken Treaties Information and Fact Sheet," November 25, 1972; National Committee on Indian Work Files; New York Times, November 7, 1972.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Agreement on Special Federal Interagency Task Force, Signed by Leonard Garment, Frank Carlucci, and Hank Adams, November 7, 1972, Xerox Copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
39. Ibid.
40. Tiger, "Chronology;" Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 8, 1972; Adams, "Trail of Broken Treaties..."
41. John Tiger, "Occupation," American Indian Press Association News Service.
42. Edward M. Kennedy to Leonard Garment, Special Consultant to the President, Washington, D.C., November 10, 1972, Xerox copy, National Committee on Indian Work Files.
43. "News Conference," Charles E. Trimble, Executive Director, National Congress of American Indians, Washington, D.C., November 10, 1972.
44. Donald P. Baker, "Navajo Chief Sees Uprisings Possible," Washington Post, November 22, 1972; the Executive Council of the Episcopal Church passed a resolution of support of the Indian people as they seek to pursue the issues raised by the Trail of Broken Treaties, Executive Council of the Episcopal Church, minutes of the December 12-13, 1972 meeting, Episcopal Church Center.
45. Tundra Times (Fairbanks, Alaska), November 15, 1972.